S. A. Forbes. 1887

Forbes, S.A. 1887. The Lake as a Microcosm. Bulletin of the Scientific Association of Peoria, Illinois, pp 77–87

Editor Charles H. Smith's Note: At the time he wrote this paper, Stephen Forbes was State Entomologist of Illinois and Professor of Zoology and Entomology at Illinois State University. He would later become the first Director of the Illinois Natural History Survey. This work is a genuine classic in the history of the development of the field of ecology, anticipating later studies on food webs, population and community ecology, and the ecosystem concept. The version reprinted below is from the original paper, delivered at a 25 February 1887 meeting of the Peoria Scientific Association. [1]

While already famous as an economic entomologist, Forbes undertook studies of massive fish mortality in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin. He showed the connection of algae blooms and lake physics to fish kills, and embarked on a remarkable research program into lake ecology and river ecology. Many of his insights about lake ecology were collected in an influential paper, "The Lake as a Microcosm".[5] Notable for both conceptual creativity and the use of innovative quantitative methods, his work foreshadowed the ecosystem concept as well as modern ideas of behavioral ecology and food web dynamics. [2]

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